11 Why?

Before hopping into reproducible programming, lets think about why. My main sell to you is that it is in your own self-interest.

11.1 An example workflow

Taking First Steps …

Step 1: Some Ideas and Data

\(X_{1} \to Y_{1}\)

  • You copy some data into a spreadsheet, manually aggregate
  • do some calculations and tables the same spreadsheet
  • some other analysis from here and there, using this software and that.

Step 2: Pursuing the lead for a week or two

  • you extend your dataset with more observations
  • copy in a spreadsheet data, manually aggregate
  • do some more calculations and tables, same as before

Then, a Little Way Down the Road …

1 month later, someone asks about another factor: \(X_{2}\)

  • you download some other type of data
  • You repeat Step 2 with some data on \(X_{2}\).
  • The details from your “point and click” method are a bit fuzzy.
  • It takes a little time, but you successfully redo the analysis.

4 months later, someone asks about another factor: \(X_{3}\to Y_{1}\)

  • You again repeat Step 2 with some data on \(X_{3}\).
  • You’re pretty sure none of tables your tried messed up the order of the rows or columns.
  • It takes more time and effort. The data processing was not transparent, but you eventually redo the analysis.

6 months later, you want to explore: \(X_{2} \to Y_{2}\).

2 years later, you want to replicate: \(\{ X_{1}, X_{2}, X_{3} \} \to Y_{1}\)

  • A rival has proposed something new. Their idea doesn’t actually make any sense, but their figures and statistics look better.
  • You don’t even use that computer anymore and a collaborator who handled the data on \(X_{2}\) has moved on.

11.2 An alternative workflow

Suppose you decided to code what you did beginning with Step 2.

It does not take much time to update or replicate your results.

  • Your computer runs for 2 hours and reproduces the figures and tables.
  • You also rewrote your big calculations to use multiple cores, this took two hours to do but saved 6 hours each time you rerun your code.
  • You add some more data. It adds almost no time to see whether much has changed.

Your results are transparent and easier to build on.

  • You see the exact steps you took and found an error
  • You try out a new plot you found in The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, by Edward Tufte.
  • You try out an obscure statistical approach that’s hot in your field.
    • it doesn’t make the paper, but you have some confidence that candidate issue isn’t a big problem

11.3 Replicable

You should make your work reproducible, and we will cover some of the basics of how to do this in R. You also want your work to be replicable

  • Replicable: someone collecting new data comes to the same results.
  • Reproducibile: someone reusing your data comes to the same results.

You can read more about the distinction in many places, including

11.4 R and R-Markdown

We will use R Markdown for reproducible research, which is a good choice:

Note that R and R markdown are both languages: R studio interprets R code to produce statistics, R studio interprets R markdown code to produce pretty documents which contain both writing and statistics. (You should already be a bit familiar with R, but not necessarily R Markdown.) Altogether, your project will use

  • R is our software
  • Rstudio is our GUI
  • R Markdown is our document

Both are good for teaching

Homework reports are the smallest and probably first document you create. We will create little homework reports using R markdown that are almost entirely self-contained (showing both code and output). To do this, you will need to install Pandoc on your computer.

Install any required packages

## Packages for Rmarkdown
install.packages("knitr")
install.packages("rmarkdown")
install.packages("bookdown")

## Other packages used in this primer
install.packages("plotly")
install.packages("sf")

To get started with R Markdown, you can first read and work through https://jadamso.github.io/Rbooks/small-scale-projects.html, and then recreate https://jadamso.github.io/Rbooks/small-scale-projects.html#a-homework-example yourself.